^maV _| OrdZ ~r_m H$s ewéAmV gm¡ gmb go ^r nhbo hþB© Wr
Xw{Z`m H$s g~go ~‹S>r Am~mXr dmbo h_mao-O¡go Xoe _| ~r_m H$mo CVZm _hËd Zht {X`m OmVm {OVZm {X`m OmZm Mm{hE. `hm§ h_ EbAmB©gr Ho$ ã`mO go nmR>H$m| H$mo OrdZ ~r_m H$s AdYmaUm go AdJV H$amZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a aho h¢ &
~hahmb, `h ~mV Ü`mZ aIZo `mo½` h¡ {H$ `hm§ h_ Omo Hw$N> ^r ~VmZo Om aho h¢ dh EbAmB©gr H$s {H$gr nm{bgr Ho$ {Z`_/ eVm] `m CgHo$ bm^m| `m {deofm{YH$mam| H$m {dñV¥V ã`moam Zht h¡ &
{dñV¥V OmZH$mar Ho$ {bE h_mao emIm `m _§S>b H$m`m©b` go g§nH©$ H$a|. H$moB© ^r EbAmB©gr EO|Q> AmnH$s Amdí`dVm Ho$ AZwê$n nm{bgr H$m MwZmd H$aZo Am¡a CgHo$ Ho$ ^wJVmZ _| AmnH$s _XX H$aHo$ Iwe hmoJm &
OrdZ ~r_m Eogm AZw~§Y h¡ Omo CZ KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ KQ>Zo na {OZHo$ {bE ~r{_V ì`pŠV H$m ~r_m {H$`m OmVm h¡, EH$ µImg aH$_ AXm H$aZo H$m dmXm H$aVm h¡&
AZw~§Y {ZåZ{b{IV Ad{Y Ho$ Xm¡amZ ~r{_V aH$_ Ho$ ^wJVmZ Ho$ {bE d¡Y hmoVm h¡ :
- ^wJVmZ {V{W,`m
- `m {Z`V Ad{Y Ho$ A§Vamb na µImñm-µImg {V{W`m| na `m
- Xw^m©½`nyU© _¥Ë`w na ~eV} {H$ dh ^wJVmZ Ad{Y go nhbo hmo
AZw~§Y Ho$ VhV nm{bgr YmaH$ H$mo {Z`V A§Vamb na {ZJ_ H$mo n«r{_`_m| H$m ^wJVmZ H$aZm hmoVm h¡ & gmd©^m¡_ ê$n go Eogm g§ñWmZ _mZm OmVm h¡ Omo `Omo{µI_' Xya H$aVm h¡ Am¡a A{Z{üVVm H$s OJh {Z{üVVm bmVm h¡ Am¡a n[adma Ho$ AmOr{dH$m H$_mZo dmbo Ho$ Agm_{`H$ {ZYZ na CgH$s g_` go _XX H$aVm h¡&
Hw$b {_bm H$a OrdZ ~r_m _¥Ë`w H$s dOh go n¡Xm hmoZo dmbr g_ñ`mAm| H$m gä`Vm OÝ` Am§{eH$ g_mYmZ h¡ ~ g§jon _|, OrdZ ãmr_m H$m g§~§Y ha ì`pŠV Ho$ OrdZ _| AmZo dmëmr Xmo g_ñ`mAm| go h¡:
- g_` go nhbo ì`pŠV Ho$ _a OmZo Am¡a AnZo Am{lVm| H$mo CZHo$ hmb na N>mo‹S> OmZo
- .~w‹T>mno VH$ {~Zm ghmao Ho$ OrZo H$s
~r_m AZw~§Y Ma_ gØmdZmnyU© AZw~§Y hmoVm h¡ {Ogo VH$ZrH$s Vm¡a na ' Ma_ {dídmg ' H$hm OmVm h¡ & V_m_ _hËdnyU© VÏ`m| H$m Iwbmgm H$aZo H$m {gÕm§V Bgr _hËdnyU© {gÕm§V na AmYm[aV h¡. Omo ha Vah Ho$ ~r_o na bmJy hmoVm h¡ &
nm{bgr boZo Ho$ g_` nm{bgr YmaH$ H$mo gw{Z{üV H$amZm Mm{hE {H$ n«ñVmd n«nÌ _| nyNo> J`o V_m_ gdmbm| Ho$ ghr Odm~ {X`o Om`| ~ H$moB© ^r µJbV~`mZr , {H$gr ^r MrµO H$m Iwbmgm Z H$aZm `m {H$gr XñVmdoµO _| YmoImY‹S>r H$aHo$ Omomµ{Iª_ ` ñdrH$ma ' H$amZm ~r_m AZw~§Y H$mo A_mÝ` Am¡a {ZañV H$a XoVm h¡ & gwajm…
OrdZ ~r_m H$s _mµ\©$V H$s OmZo dmbr ~MV ~MVH$Vm© H$s _¥Ë`w hmo OmZo na Omo[µI_ Ho$ mµ{Iªbmµ\$ gwajm H$s nyar Jma§Q>r XoVm h¡ ~ `hr Zht , {ZYZ H$s pñW{V _| OrdZ ~r_m nyar ~r{_V aH$_ H$m ^wJVmZ ( _` ~moZgm| Ho$ Ohm§ ~moZg {_bVo h¢ ) AmœñV H$amVm h¡ ~ O~{H$ Xygar ~MVm| _| {ñmµ\©$ ~MV H$s aH$_ _` ã`mO Ho$ AXm H$s OmVr h¡
g_¥{Õ ~‹T>mZo _| _XX…
OrdZ ~r_m g_¥{Õ H$mo n«moËgmhZ XoVm h¡ ~ `h XrK©H$m{bH$ ~MV H$m Adga n«XmZ H$aVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ `moOZm _| {Z{hV AmgmZ {H$ñVm| _| AmgmZr go ^wJVmZ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ ~ (_gbZ² n«r{_`_m| H$m ^wJVmZ `m Vmo _mhdma, {V_mhr, N>_mhr `m gmbmZm {H$ñVm| _| {H$`m OmVm h¡)
CXmhaUmW© `doVZ ~MV `moOZm' ({Ogo Am_ Vm¡a na `EgEgEg' Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡) Ho$ VhV ~r{_V ì`{º$ Ho$ doVZ go _mhdma H$Q>m¡Vr H$s _mµ\©$V n«r{_`_ Ho$ ^wJVmZ H$m AmgmZ Cnm` _wh¡`m H$aVr h¡
Bg Vah Ho$ _m_bm| _| {Z`moŠVm H$mQ>r J`r n«r{_`_| grYo EbAmB©gr H$mo AXm H$a XoVm h¡ ~ doVZ ~r_m `moOZm {H$gr ^r g§ñWmZ `m n«{Vð>mZ Ho$ {bE AmXe© `moOZm hmoVr h¡ , Ab~Îmm BgHo$ gmW Hw$N> {Z`_/ eV] Ow‹S>r hmoVr h¢
ZH$Xr
~r_m ~MV Ho$ _m_bo _| {H$gr Eogr nm{bgr H$s O_mZV na Omo µH$µO© _yë` n«mßV H$a MwH$s hmo , µH$µO© {_bZm AmgmZ hmoVm h¡ . BgHo$ Abmdm , OrdZ ~r_m nm{bgr H$mo ì`mdgm{`H$ µH$µO© H$s O_mZV Ho$ ê$n _| ^r ñdrH$ma {H$`m OmVm h¡ ~
TH$a amhV…
Am` H$a Am¡a g§n{Îm H$a H$Q>m¡Vr Ho$ Cn`moJ H$m ^r OrdZ ~r_m g~go Cn`wŠV Cnm` h¡ ~ OrdZ ~r_m H$s n«r{_`_m| Ho$ ê$n _| AXm H$s OmZo dmbr aH$_ na `h gw{dYm CnbãY h¡ , Omo bmJy Am` H$a Xam| na {Z^©a H$aVr h¡
H$aXmVm H$a µH$mZyZ Ho$ n«mdYmZm| H$m bm^ CR>mH$a H$am| _| [aAm`V nm gH$Vm h¡ . Bg Vah Ho$ åmm_bm| _| ~r{_V ì`pŠV H$mo Xygar Vah H$s `moOZm Ho$ _wµH$m~bo N>moQ>r n«r{_`_| ^aVr hmoVr h¢ ~
µOê$aV Ho$ g_` n¡go
Cn`wŠV ~r_m `moOZm dmbr nm{bgr boH$a `m H$B© AbJ - AbJ `moOZmAm| Ho$ g_wƒ` dmbr nm{bgr boH$a g_` - g_` na n¡Xm hmoZo dmbr n¡gm| H$s µOê$aV H$mo nyam {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡
~ƒm| H$s n‹T>mB© - {bImB© , J¥hñWr ewê$ H$aZo `m emXr Ho$ µIMm] `m {H$gr µImg dµŠµ\o$ _| n¡Xm hmoZo dmbr _m¡{ÐH$ µOê$aVm| H$mo nyam H$aZm BZ nm{b{g`m| H$s _XX go AmgmZ hmo OmVm h¡
BgHo$ {dnarV nm{bgr Ho$ n¡go ì`pŠV Ho$ godm{Zd¥{Îm hmoZo na _H$mZ ~ZdmZo `m Xygao {Zdoem| O¡go H$m_m| Ho$ {bE CnbãY hmo gH$Vo h¢
BgHo$ Abmdm , nm{bgr YmaH$m| H$mo _H$mZ ~ZdmZo `m µâb¡Q> µIarXZo Ho$ {bE µH$µO© ^r CnbãY H$am`m OmVm h¡ ( hmbm§{H$ BgHo$ gmW Hw$N> eV] bmJy hmoVr h¢ )
H$moB© ^r d`ñH$ ñÌr - nwéf Omo d¡Y AZw~§Y H$a gH$Vm h¡ AnZm Am¡a CZH$m ~r_m H$am gH$Vm h¡ {OZHo$ gmW CZHo$ ~r_m H$amZo `mo½` {hV Ow‹So> hm|
ì`pŠV AnZo n{V / `m nËZr `m ~ƒm| H$m ^r ~r_m H$am gH$Vm h¡ bo{H$Z BgHo$ gmW Hw$N> eV] Ow‹S>r hmoVr h¢ ~ ~r_m n«ñVmdm| H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aVo g_` {ZJ_ ì`pŠV Ho$ ñdmñÏ` , CgH$s Am` Am¡a Xygao n«mg§{JH$ H$maH$m| na {dMma H$aVm h¡
amï´>r`H$aU ( 1955 ) go nhbo {H$VZr hr ~r_m H§$n{Z`m§ pñÌ`m| H$m ~r_m H$aZo Ho$ {bE A{V[aŠV n«r{_`_| boVr Wt `m Hw$N> AdamoYH$ eV] bJmVr Wt. ~hahmb, amï´>r`H$aU H$aZo Ho$ ~mX go {OZ eVm] na Am¡aVm| H$m OrdZ ~r_m {H$`m OmVm h¡, CZ eVm] H$s g_`-g_` na g_rjm H$s OmVr ahr h¡ ~
AmO H$s VmarµI _| H$_mZo dmbr H$m_H$mOr Am¡aVm| H$mo _Xm] Ho$ g_Vwë` _mZm OmVm h¡ . Xygao _m_bm| _| {ZdmaH$ eV© bJm`r OmVr h¡ . dh ^r {gµ\©$ V~ O~ Am¡aV H$s C_« 30 gmb VH$ hmo Am¡a H$amYmZ gr_m _| AmZo bm`H$ CgH$s Am_XZr Z hmo ~
Am_ Vm¡a na OrdZ ~r_m ~r{_V ì`pŠV Ho$ ñdmñÏ` H$s Om§M Ho$ ~mX {H$`m OmVm h¡ . ~hahmb , OrdZ ~r_m H$mo ì`mnH$ n«gma XoZo Am¡a Agw{dYmAm| H$mo Q>mbZo Ho$ {bE OrdZ ~r_m {ZJ_ {~Zm S>mŠQ>ar Om§M Ho$ ~r_m gwajm XoZo bJm h¡ , {OgHo$ gmW Hw$N> eV] Ow‹S>r hmoVr h¢ ~
H$moB© ~r_m nm{bgr bm^ AmYm[aV hmo gH$Vr h¡ `m {~Zm bm^ H$s ^r hmo gH$Vr h¡ ~ bm^ AmYm[aV nm{b{g`m| Ho$ _m_bo _| Kmo{fV ~moZg H$s, AJa Bg Vah Ho$ ~moZg H$s KmofUm H$s J`r hmo , EH$ {Z{üV Ad{Y na hmoZo dmbo {Z`{_V _yë`m§H$Zm| Ho$ ~mX ßmm{bgr Ho$ gmW Amd§Q>Z {H$`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a AZw~§{YV aH$_ Ho$ gmW CZH$m ^wJVmZ Xo` hmoVm h¡ ~
{~Zm bm^ dmbr nm{b{g`m| Ho$ _m_bo _| {~Zm {H$gr Omo‹S> Ho$ AZw~§{YV aH$_ AXm H$s OmVr h¡ ~ bm^ `wŠV nm{bgr H$s n«r{_`_m| H$s aH$_ Bgr{bE bm^ a{hV nm{b{g`m| Ho$ _wµH$m~bo µÁ`mXm hmoVr h ~
H$s _¡Z ~r_m ì`mnm[aH$ H§$n{Z`m§ / H§$nZr H$mo AnZo _hËdnyU© H$_©Mm[a`m| Ho$ Agm_{`H$ {ZYZ go hmoZo dmbo {dÌr` ZwH$gmZ go ~MmZo Ho$ {bE H$aVr h¢
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